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THIS SLIDE SHOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AT THE MICROSCOPIC LEVEL:
•IN LAYER 3, H2S IS PRODUCED BY SULFUR REDUCING BACTERIA.
-H2S IS ABSORBED INTO THE CONCRETE SURFACE.
•IN LAYER 2, SULFUR-OXIDIZING BACTERIA TRANSFORM THE H2S INTO H2SO4, WHICH ENTERS LAYER 1 AND CAUSES CORROSION. •BY-PRODUCTS (ETTRINGITE AND GYPSUM) OF CONCRETE CORROSION ACCUMULATE IN LAYER 2. -IN LIVE SAMPLES, LESS CALCIUM IONS ARE RELEASED TO LIQUID MEDIA.  THE CALCIUM AND SULFATE IONS JOIN TO FORM GYPSUM ON THE CONCRETE SURFACE.  THIS CAUSES THE CONCRETE MASS TO REMAIN CONSTANT, WHICH IS SEEN IN MY DATA OF % MASS LOSS. -IN CONTROL SAMPLES, CALCIUM IONS ARE RELEASED MORE FREELY TO THE LIQUID MEDIA BECAUSE THERE IS LESS SULFATE PRODUCED TO FORM GYPSUM WITH CALCIUM.  THIS CAUSES THE CONCRETE MASS TO DECREASE.
DESPITE OUR EFFORT TO KEEP THE CONDITIONS CONSTANT THERE WERE SOME VARIANCES WE COULDN’T ELIMINATE.
SUCH AS-
-BACTERIA:
-CONTROLS WERE CONTAMINATED WITH LIVE BACTERIA THAT I DID NOT PUT IN THE SAMPLES.
-PH:
-BACTERIA PRODUCED H2SO4 (LOWER PH) AND CALCIUM RELEASED (HIGHER PH).
-TEMPERATURE:
-REASONABLY CONSTANT
-SULFUR:
-LIQUID MEDIA CONTAINED SULFUR THAT WAS NOT HOMOGENEOUS. 
-SULFUR IS NOT SOLUBLE, SO IT WOULD FLOAT ON TOP AND SPLASH ON SIDES OF BEAKER. 
-THE SULFUR IS A SUBSTRATE FOR THE THIOBACILLUS, SO THE THIOBACILLUS WAS ALSO NOT
HOMOGENEOUS OR NOT IN THE MEDIA ALL.
4 DAY PROCESS:
EXPLAIN PICTURES:
1) DAY 1 TO DAY 2 PREPARE SAMPLE.
2) ON THE THIRD DAY- EXTRACT SAMPLES FROM VIAL TO AMPULE.
                                 - DRY AMPULES WITH NITROGEN GAS IN 37C WATER BATH.
      - CLOSE AMPULES WITH BUNSEN BURNER.
3) PUT SAMPLES IN 100C OVEN.  NEXT DAY OPEN AMPULES; ADD REAGENTS; READ ABSORBANCE.
- INTERPRET SAMPLE DATA AGAINST STANDARD CURVE.
- HIGHER ABSORBANCE MEANS MORE BIOMASS.
•ALL SPECIMENS IN THIS CHART ARE AT PH4, 30C AND  5 G/L [SULFUR].
•THE STANDARD CONDITION IS THE SAME, BUT WERE INOCULATED WITH BACTERIA; CONTROLS WERE NOT.
•ALL DATA FROM BATCH 1/CYCLE 1 AND BATCH 2/CYCLE 2 DISREGARDED FOR CONTROL SPECIMENS.
-GLUTARALDEHYDE USED TO KILL BACTERIA, BUT IT DIDN’T KILL BACTERIA.  IT WAS ACTING AS A SUBSTRATE FOR HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA (ACIDIPHILIUM). -WE STARTED TO USED SODIUM AZIDE FOR THE FOLLOWING CYCLES, BUT STILL DIDN’T KILL BACTERIA COMPLETELY.
•
•MASS LOSS
-
•STANDARD ERROR:
-SHOWS THE RANGE OF DATA USED (DUPLICATES) TO OBTAIN AN AVERAGE NUMBER DISPLAYED ON THIS GRAPH.
-SOME ERRORS ARE MUCH LARGER THAN OTHERS BECAUSE THE DUPLICATE VALUES WERE NOT THE SAME. 
-THE DATA WITH SMALLER ERRORS, REPRESENTS MORE CONSISTANT RESULTS IN DUPLICATES.
-SOME BARS DON’T HAVE STANDARD ERROR, BECAUSE THERE WAS ONLY ONE SAMPLE WITH DATA FOR THAT CYCLE.
-EX. CYCLE 2 AND 3- ONLY ONE SAMPLE WITH T ONLY THAT WENT THROUGH CYCLE 2 AND 3.
STANDARD AND T ONLY CONDITIONS SHOWED SIMILAR INCREASE IN BIOMASS FROM DAY 0 TO DAY 10. 
THE CONTROL SHOWED SOME INCREASE IN BIOMASS, BUT IT SHOULD NOT HAVE HAD ANY.  PERHAPS THERE WAS
CONTAMINATION IN THE CONTROLS.
•POST TESTS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE WHAT BIOMASS WAS STILL ALIVE AFTER 10 DAY LIQUID MEDIA PERIOD.
-EXAMPLE: BATCH 2/CYCLE 1:
-THIOBACILLUS WAS ALIVE IN THE SAMPLES THAT DROPPED THE PH.
-ALL LIVE SAMPLES IN CYCLE 1 DROPPED PH CONSIDERABLY, EXCEPT THE SAMPLE WITH 10 G/L [SULFUR] (TOXIC AMOUNT OF SULFUR).
-ALL CONTROLS HAD STEADY PH. 
•EXAMPLE: BATCH2/CYCLE 2:(pH)
-FINAL PH – INITIAL PH FROM BEGINNING OF CYCLE 1 TO END OF CYCLE 2.
-SHOWS SAME RESULTS AS BATCH 2/CYCLE 1, EXCEPT THAT THE SAMPLE WITH 10 G/L [SULFUR] DROPPED IN PH IN CYCLE 2.
-MOST DROP IN PH WAS IN THE SAMPLE WITH TEMPERATURE OF 35C, WHICH IS NOT THE STANDARD TEMPERATURE (30C).
-THE 2ND HIGHEST DROP IN PH WAS IN SAMPLE WITH 0.5 G/L [SULFUR], WHICH IS NOT THE STANDARD SULFUR CONCENTRATION (5 G/L).
-EXAMPLE: BATCH2/CYCLE 2:(ABS.)
-SHOWS GROWTH OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA (ENERGY SOURCE ORGANIC CARBON), SUCH AS ADICIPHILIUM, IN LIVE SAMPLES.
-CONTROLS REMAINED STEADY AROUND ZERO AS EXPECTED.
-MOST GROWTH IN SAMPLE WITH ONLY 0.5 G/L [SULFUR], WHICH IS NOT THE STANDARD SULFUR CONCENTRATION (5 G/L)
•ALL SPECIMENS AT 30 C AND 5 G/L [SULFUR].
•
•MASS LOSS:
-
•
•
•I CHECKED THE PH OF EVERY SAMPLE DAILY.
•I ADJUSTED THE PH BACK TO 4 OR 8 (DEPENDING ON THE SPECIMEN). •THE PH JUMPED APPROXIMATELY TO PH 8 EVERY DAY, WHICH WAS NOT EXPECTED.  •FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, MONTENY ET. AL, THE PH DROPPED FROM 7 TO 1 IN 10 DAYS.
•I EXPECTED THE PH TO DROP MORE EVENTUALLY, BUT THEY DIDN’T.
•THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF ONLY ONE CYCLE.  SOME CYCLES SHOWED DROPS IN PH FOR INITIAL PH OF 8 WITHOUT ADJUSTMENTS.
•
•
•MASS LOSS:
-